Research on BCIs began in the 1970s by Jacques Vidal at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) under a grant from the National Science Foundation, followed by a contract from DARPA. Implementations of BCIs range from non-invasive ( EEG, MEG, EOG, MRI) and partially invasive ( ECoG and endovascular) to invasive ( microelectrode array), based on how close electrodes get to brain tissue. BCIs are often directed at researching, mapping, assisting, augmenting, or repairing human cognitive or sensory-motor functions. A brain–computer interface ( BCI), sometimes called a brain–machine interface ( BMI) or smartbrain, is a direct communication pathway between the brain's electrical activity and an external device, most commonly a computer or robotic limb.
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